Writing (yozma nutq) bo‘limida odatda ikki xil topshiriq bo‘ladi: berilgan vaziyat bo‘yicha xat (norasmiy va/yoki rasmiy) va fikr bildiruvchi esse. Baholash faqat grammatika bilan cheklanmaydi: topshiriqni bajarish, matn tuzilishi, lug‘at boyligi va grammatik aniqlik birgalikda baholanadi. Aniq so‘z soni va vaqt rasmiy namunada (uzbmb.uz) ko‘rsatiladi — ularga qat’iy amal qiling. Bu darsda baholash mezonlari, xat va esse tuzilishi, foydali iboralar, ish tartibi va tekshirish usullari bosqichma-bosqich tushuntiriladi.
§1. Baholash mezonlari
Yozma ish odatda to‘rt mezon bo‘yicha baholanadi:
Task achievement (topshiriqni bajarish) — topshiriqdagi barcha bandlarga javob berildimi, uslub (rasmiy yoki norasmiy) to‘g‘rimi, so‘z soni yetarlimi.
Coherence and cohesion (izchillik va bog‘liqlik) — xatboshilar, mantiqiy ketma-ketlik, bog‘lovchi so‘zlar, olmoshlar orqali bog‘lanish.
Lexical resource (leksik boylik) — aniq va xilma-xil lug‘at, kollokatsiyalar, to‘g‘ri imlo.
Grammatical range and accuracy (grammatik xilma-xillik va aniqlik) — turli gap tuzilmalari (murakkab, shart, majhul, nisbiy) va xatolar soni.
Eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladigan joy — topshiriqning biror bandini unutish.
Shuning uchun yozishdan oldin topshiriqni diqqat bilan o‘qing va har bir bandni raqamlab belgilang.
§2. Xat: norasmiy va rasmiy
Norasmiy xat (do‘st yoki qarindoshga):
Dear Aziz, → Thanks for your letter… / It was great to hear from you. → asosiy qism → Write back soon. / Best wishes, + ism
Qisqartmalar (I’m, can’t), frazali fe’llar, his-tuyg‘u ifodalari, savollar mumkin.
Rasmiy xat (tashkilot, rahbar, noma’lum shaxsga):
Dear Sir or Madam, (ism noma’lum) → I am writing to complain about / to enquire about / to apply for… → asosiy qism → I look forward to hearing from you. → Yours faithfully, + to‘liq ism
Qisqartmalarsiz, neytral va rasmiy so‘zlar: receive (get emas), inform (tell emas), request, assist.
Xatning maqsadi birinchi gapdayoq aniq bo‘lishi kerak. Har bir band — alohida xatboshi.
Misol
Vaziyat: mehmonxonada xonangiz shovqinli bo‘ldi. Boshqaruvchiga yozing: shikoyat, nima bo‘ldi, nima talab qilasiz.
Uslub — rasmiy, ism noma’lum: Dear Sir or Madam,.
Maqsad (1-band): I am writing to complain about my recent stay at your hotel from 3 to 5 May.
Tafsilot (2-band): Unfortunately, my room was next to the lift and the noise made it impossible to sleep. Although I asked the receptionist to change my room, nothing was done.
Talab (3-band): I would therefore be grateful if you could refund part of the cost.
Yakun: I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Dilnoza Rahimova — uchala band ham bajarilgan.
§3. Esse tuzilishi
Esse turlari: fikr bildirish (To what extent do you agree?), ikki tomonni muhokama qilish (Discuss both views and give your opinion), afzallik va kamchilik, muammo va yechim.
Kirish (2–3 gap): mavzuni o‘z so‘zlaringiz bilan qayta ifodalang (parafraz) va o‘z pozitsiyangizni (tezis) aniq ayting.
Asosiy qism — odatda 2 xatboshi: har biri bitta asosiy fikr → izoh → misol.
Xulosa (2–3 gap): pozitsiyani qayta tasdiqlang; yangi dalil qo‘shmang.
Xatboshining birinchi gapi (topic sentence) uning asosiy fikrini aytadi; qolgan gaplar shu fikrni tushuntiradi va misol bilan isbotlaydi. Masalan: One major advantage of online learning is flexibility. Students can watch lectures at any time, which is especially useful for those who work. For instance, many of my classmates study in the evening after their part-time jobs. Bu yerda birinchi gap — fikr, ikkinchisi — izoh, uchinchisi — misol.
Misol
Mavzu: Some people think students should study online rather than at school. Do you agree? Kirish yozing.
Mavzuni parafraz qiling: study online → distance learning, rather than at school → replace traditional classes.
Bahsli ekanini ko‘rsating: It is often argued that….
Pozitsiyani aniq ayting: I partly agree.
Pozitsiyaga qisqa sabab qo‘shing.
Javob: It is often argued that distance learning should replace traditional classes. While online study offers flexibility, I believe that schools remain essential for developing social skills.
§4. Foydali iboralar
Fikr: In my opinion, I strongly believe that, From my point of view.
Qo‘shish: Moreover, In addition, Furthermore, Not only … but also.
Zidlik: However, On the other hand, Although, Despite the fact that.
Misol: For instance, For example, such as, A good example of this is.
Natija: As a result, Therefore, Consequently, This leads to.
Xulosa: In conclusion, , .
B2 va undan yuqori daraja uchun grammatik xilma-xillik: shart gaplar (If governments invested more in public transport, traffic would decrease.), majhul (It is widely believed that…), nisbiy gaplar (Students who study online…), inversiya (Not only does it save time, but it also reduces costs.).
Bog‘lovchilar foydali, lekin har bir gapni bog‘lovchi bilan boshlash matnni sun’iy qiladi.
Misol
Ikki gapni bog‘lang: Online courses are cheap. They require strong self-discipline.
Fikrlar orasidagi munosabat — zidlik (arzon, lekin qiyinchilik bor).
Rasmiy uslubda gap ichida although yoki gaplar orasida However mos.
although dan keyin to‘liq gap keladi.
Javob: Although online courses are cheap, they require strong self-discipline.
§5. Ish tartibi va tekshirish
Rejalashtirish (3–5 daqiqa): topshiriq bandlarini sanab chiqing, har xatboshiga bitta g‘oya va bitta misol yozing.
Yozish: bir xatboshi — bir g‘oya; qisqa va uzun gaplarni almashtiring; xatboshilar orasini aniq ajrating.
Tekshirish (3–5 daqiqa): so‘z soni, uchinchi shaxs -s, zamonlar, artikllar, ko‘plik, imlo, vergullar.
So‘z sonidan ancha kam yozish ballni pasaytiradi; juda ko‘p yozish esa xato ehtimolini oshiradi va vaqtni oladi. Tekshirish uchun o‘zingizning "tipik xatolar ro‘yxatingiz"ni tuzing va har safar aynan shularni qidiring.
§6. Qanday mashq qilish kerak
Haftasiga kamida ikki marta to‘liq xat yoki esse yozing — vaqt bilan.
Yaxshi namuna matnlarni o‘qing va ulardagi iboralar va tuzilishni yozib oling.
Yozganingizni bir kundan keyin qayta o‘qing — xatolar yaxshiroq ko‘rinadi.
O‘qituvchi yoki sherikdan baho so‘rang: to‘rtta mezon bo‘yicha.
Mavzular bo‘yicha (ta’lim, texnologiya, atrof-muhit) dalil va misollar bankini tuzing.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
Dear Sir or Madam bilan boshlangan xat qanday yakunlanadi?
Rasmiy xatda qaysi biri mos: I wanna know yoki I would like to enquire?
Esse kirishida mavzu nima qilinadi: so‘zma-so‘z ko‘chiriladi yoki parafraz qilinadi?
However odatda gapning qayerida turadi?
Xulosaga yangi dalil qo‘shish mumkinmi?
Xatda topshiriqning bitta bandi yozilmadi. Qaysi mezon pasayadi?
Dear Mr Karimov bilan boshlangan xat qanday yakunlanadi?
Xatboshining asosiy fikrini aytuvchi birinchi gap nima deyiladi?
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Topshiriq bandlaridan birini o‘tkazib yuborish.
Rasmiy xatda norasmiy so‘zlar va qisqartmalar (can’t, wanna, kids).
Mavzuni so‘zma-so‘z ko‘chirish — parafraz qiling.
Xatboshisiz yaxlit matn yozish.
Yod olingan shablonni mavzuga moslamasdan ishlatish.
Yours faithfully va Yours sincerely ni adashtirish.