O‘zlashtirma gap

O‘zlashtirma gap (Reported Speech) — boshqa birovning so‘zini aynan keltirmasdan, o‘z so‘zimiz bilan yetkazish. O‘zbek tilida U charchaganini aytdi deymiz va zamon deyarli o‘zgarmaydi; ingliz tilida esa uch narsa o‘zgaradi: zamon (bir qadam orqaga siljiydi), olmoshlar va vaqt/joy so‘zlari. So‘roq gaplarda esa so‘z tartibi ham o‘zgaradi. Bu mavzu grammatika savollarida, Listening’dagi suhbatlarni tushunishda, Writing’da manbalarni keltirishda (The author claims that…) va Speaking’da boshqalarning fikrini aytib berishda kerak bo‘ladi.

§1. Ko‘chirma va o‘zlashtirma gap

Ko‘chirma gapda so‘zlar qo‘shtirnoqda aynan beriladi; o‘zlashtirma gapda qo‘shtirnoq yo‘q, gap ergash gapga aylanadi. that bog‘lovchisi ko‘pincha tushirib qoldiriladi.

say va tell farqi:

• say — kimga aytilgani ko‘rsatilmaydi yoki to bilan: He said that he was busy. He said to me that…
• tell — doim kimga aytilgani bilan, predlogsiz: He told me that he was busy. (✗ said me, ✗ told that)

§2. Zamonlarning siljishi (backshift)

O‘zlashtiruvchi fe’l o‘tgan zamonda (said, told, asked) bo‘lsa, ko‘chirmadagi zamon bir qadam orqaga siljiydi. Sababi: biz gapni keyinroq yetkazyapmiz, aytilgan narsa endi o‘tmishga tegishli.

would, could, should, might, ought to va Past Perfect o‘zgarmaydi.

Siljish shart bo‘lmagan holatlar:

• Fakt hali ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa: He said the Earth goes round the Sun.
• O‘zlashtiruvchi fe’l hozirgi zamonda bo‘lsa: She says she is busy. (says — hozirgi zamon, siljish yo‘q)
• Vaziyat hali ham o‘zgarmagan bo‘lsa, siljitmaslik ham mumkin: He said he lives in Tashkent. (hozir ham shu yerda yashaydi)

Misol

"I will call you tomorrow," Anvar said to me.

1. said to me → told me (kimga aytilgani bor).
2. Olmoshlar: Anvar I → he; men you → me.
3. Zamon: will → would.
4. Vaqt so‘zi: tomorrow → the next day.
5. Javob: Anvar told me (that) he would call me the next day.

§3. Olmoshlar, vaqt va joy so‘zlari

Olmoshlar mantiqqa qarab o‘zgaradi — kim gapirgan, kim yetkazayapti, kim haqida: "My brother lives here" (Dilnoza dedi) → Dilnoza said her brother lived there.

Vaqt va joy so‘zlari ham o‘zgaradi, chunki gap boshqa vaqtda va boshqa joyda yetkaziladi:

Agar gap o‘sha kuni, o‘sha joyda yetkazilsa, bu so‘zlar o‘zgarmasligi mumkin: ertalab aytilgan today ni kechqurun today deb qoldirish mumkin.

§4. So‘roq gaplarni o‘zlashtirish

O‘zlashtirilgan so‘roq so‘roq gap emas, shuning uchun:

• So‘z tartibi darak gapdagidek: ega + fe’l.
• do/does/did yordamchilari yo‘qoladi.
• So‘roq belgisi qo‘yilmaydi.
• O‘zlashtiruvchi fe’l: ask, want to know, wonder.

Maxsus so‘roq (wh-): so‘roq so‘zi saqlanadi: "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived. (✗ where did I live)
Umumiy so‘roq (ha/yo‘q): if yoki whether qo‘shiladi: "Are you ready?" → She asked if I was ready.

Misol

"What time does the lesson start?" the student asked.

1. Maxsus so‘roq — what time saqlanadi.
2. does yordamchisi tushib qoladi, tartib darak gapdagidek: the lesson started.
3. Zamon siljiydi: starts (does start) → started.
4. So‘roq belgisi qo‘yilmaydi.
5. Javob: The student asked what time the lesson started.

§5. Buyruq, iltimos va o‘zlashtiruvchi fe’llar

Buyruq va iltimos: tell/ask + kim + to + V.

• "Close the door." → He told me to close the door.
• "Please help me." → She asked me to help her.
• Inkor: not to + V: "Don’t be late." → She told us not to be late.

said ni har doim takrorlash o‘rniga, gap ma’nosini aniqroq beruvchi fe’llar ishlatiladi. Bu Writing’da yuqori ball beradi:

• "Let’s go to the park." → He suggested going to the park.
• "I didn’t take it." → She denied taking it.
• "You should rest." → The doctor advised me to rest.

Misol

"I’ll help you with the project," she said. — offer fe’li bilan o‘zlashtiring.

1. Gap ma’nosi — yordam taklifi, shuning uchun offer.
2. offer dan keyin to + V keladi.
3. you → me, will — offer ning o‘zi kelajak ma’nosini beradi, would kerak emas.
4. Javob: She offered to help me with the project.

§6. O‘zlashtirish algoritmi

1. Gap turi: darak, so‘roq yoki buyruq?
2. O‘zlashtiruvchi fe’lni tanlang: said/told, asked, told … to, yoki advised, offered, denied.
3. O‘zlashtiruvchi fe’l o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lsa — zamonni bir qadam orqaga siljiting.
4. Olmoshlarni kim gapirgani va kim yetkazayotganiga qarab o‘zgartiring.
5. Vaqt va joy so‘zlarini o‘zgartiring.
6. So‘roqda — darak tartib, do/did yo‘q, if/whether kerak bo‘lsa qo‘shing.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. "I am happy," she said. → She said that she ___ happy.

2. "I have lost my key," he told me. → He told me that he ___ his key.

3. "Do you speak English?" the officer asked me. → The officer asked me ___ I spoke English.

4. "Where did you buy it?" Sardor asked. → Sardor asked where I ___ it.

5. "Don’t touch the plate," the waiter said to us. → The waiter told us ___ touch the plate.

6. "I’ll help you," she said. → She ___ to help me.

7. "I can swim," he said. → He said he ___ swim.

8. He ___ me that he was busy. (said / told)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• ✗ He said me → ✓ He told me yoki He said to me.
• So‘roq tartibini saqlash: ✗ He asked where did I live → ✓ He asked where I lived.
• O‘zlashtirilgan so‘roqda so‘roq belgisi qo‘yish: ✗ She asked if I was ready?
• tomorrow, here, this ni o‘zgartirmaslik (gap boshqa kuni yetkazilganda).
• Buyruqda inkor: ✗ told me don’t touch → ✓ told me not to touch.
• suggest dan keyin infinitiv: ✗ He suggested to go → ✓ He suggested going.