Gerund va infinitiv

Ingliz tilida bir fe’ldan keyin ikkinchi fe’l kelsa, u ikki shakldan birini oladi: gerund (V-ing: reading, swimming) yoki infinitiv (to + V: to read, ba’zan to siz: read). Qaysi shakl kelishini birinchi fe’l, predlog yoki ibora belgilaydi. Bu mavzu imtihonning "grammatik moslik" savollarida doimiy uchraydi, yozma ishda esa I look forward to hear kabi xatolar ballni tez tushiradi. Quyida qoidalar, ularning mantiqi va yodlash kerak bo‘lgan ro‘yxatlar bosqichma-bosqich tushuntiriladi.

§1. Gerund nima va u gapda qanday ishlaydi

Gerund — fe’lning -ing shakli bo‘lib, gapda ot vazifasini bajaradi. U o‘zbek tilidagi harakat nomiga (o‘qish, suzish) o‘xshaydi. Shuning uchun gerund ot turadigan joylarda keladi:

• Ega sifatida: Swimming is good for your health. Learning a language takes time.
• To‘ldiruvchi sifatida: I enjoy cooking.
• to be dan keyin kesim qismi sifatida: My hobby is collecting stamps.
• Predlogdan keyin: She is good at drawing.

Gerundni Present Continuous’dagi -ing bilan adashtirmang: She is reading (hozir o‘qiyapti — jarayon) va Reading is fun (o‘qish — qiziqarli, ot vazifasida).

Gerund o‘z to‘ldiruvchisi va ravishini ham olishi mumkin: Reading books in the evening relaxes me. Inkor shakli not ni oldiga qo‘yib yasaladi: Not knowing the answer, he stayed silent. I regret not studying harder.

§2. Gerund majburiy bo‘lgan holatlar

1. Har qanday predlogdan keyin. Predlogdan keyin ot keladi, demak fe’l ham ot shaklini — gerundni oladi. Bu qoidada istisno yo‘q.

• I’m interested in learning Chinese.
• She left without saying goodbye.
• Thank you for helping me.
• He is afraid of flying.
• Before going to bed, I read.

Diqqat: `to` predlog bo‘lgan iboralar. Ba’zi iboralarda to infinitiv belgisi emas, balki predlogdir, shuning uchun undan keyin gerund keladi:

I’m looking forward to seeing you. She is used to getting up early. Tekshirish usuli: to dan keyin otni qo‘yib ko‘ring — I look forward to your letter to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, to predlog.

2. Ma’lum fe’llardan keyin. Bu ro‘yxatni yodlash kerak:

I enjoy reading. Would you mind opening the window? He denied taking the money. She suggested going to the cinema.

3. Barqaror iboralardan keyin:

This film is worth watching. It’s no use crying. She was busy preparing for the exam.

4. `go` + gerund — mashg‘ulotlar: go swimming, go shopping, go fishing, go skiing.

Misol

He is very good at ___ (solve) puzzles.

1. Bo‘sh joydan oldin at — predlog turibdi.
2. Predlogdan keyin har doim gerund keladi.
3. solve fe’lida oxirgi -e tushadi: solving.
4. Javob: He is very good at solving puzzles.

§3. Infinitiv (to + V) qachon keladi

Infinitiv ko‘pincha maqsad, niyat, kelajakka qaratilgan harakatni bildiradi. Shuning uchun istak, qaror, va’da fe’llaridan keyin keladi.

• Maqsad: I came here to study. She saved money to buy a laptop.
• Ma’lum fe’llardan keyin:

She decided to leave. I can’t afford to buy a car. He seems to be tired.

• Sifatdan keyin: It’s easy to understand. I’m glad to see you. She was surprised to hear the news.
• too va enough bilan: He is too young to drive. She is old enough to vote.
• So‘roq so‘zlaridan keyin: I don’t know what to do. Tell me how to get there.
• Tartib so‘zlaridan keyin: She was the first to arrive. He was the last to leave.

Fe’l + odam + to V. Birovga ta’sir qilish fe’llaridan keyin avval odam (to‘ldiruvchi), keyin infinitiv keladi:

My parents want me to become a doctor. (✗ want that I become) The teacher told us to be quiet.

Misol

I managed ___ (finish) the essay on time.

1. Birinchi fe’l — manage.
2. manage infinitiv talab qiladigan fe’llar ro‘yxatida.
3. Javob: I managed to finish the essay on time.

§4. "to" siz infinitiv

Ayrim so‘zlardan keyin infinitiv to siz keladi:

• Modal fe’llardan keyin: You must go. She can swim. We should leave.
• make (majburlamoq) va let (ruxsat bermoq) dan keyin: My mother made me clean my room. Let me help you.
• Majhul nisbatda make dan keyin to qaytadi: I was made to clean it.
• would rather va had better: I’d rather stay at home. You’d better hurry.
• Sezgi fe’llari (see, hear, watch, feel, notice) + odam + fe’l: I saw him cross the road (harakatni to‘liq ko‘rdim) / I saw him crossing the road (jarayonning bir qismini ko‘rdim).
• help dan keyin ikkala variant ham to‘g‘ri: She helped me (to) carry the bags.

§5. Ikkala shakl bilan — ma’no o‘zgaradi

Bu imtihonning eng sevimli savoli. Umumiy mantiq: gerund — oldin bo‘lgan yoki umumiy harakat, infinitiv — keyin bo‘ladigan harakat.

I remember locking the door. (qulflaganimni eslayman) · Remember to lock the door. (qulflashni unutma)

He stopped smoking. (chekishni tashladi) · He stopped to smoke. (chekish uchun to‘xtadi)

Try adding some salt. (tuz qo‘shib ko‘r) · I tried to open the window, but it was stuck.

I regret telling him. · We regret to inform you that…

like, love, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue — ikkala shakl ham mumkin, ma’no deyarli bir xil: It started raining / to rain. Lekin would like/love/prefer dan keyin faqat infinitiv: I’d like to go.

Misol

I’ll never forget ___ (meet) the president.

1. Birinchi fe’l — forget, ikkala shakl bilan ham keladi, demak ma’noga qaraymiz.
2. Gap o‘tmishda bo‘lib o‘tgan voqeani eslash haqida (uchrashuv allaqachon bo‘lgan).
3. O‘tmishdagini eslash → gerund.
4. Javob: I’ll never forget meeting the president.

§6. Murakkab shakllar va imtihon algoritmi

Gerund va infinitivning majhul va perfekt shakllari ham bor:

• Majhul gerund: being + V3 — I hate being interrupted.
• Majhul infinitiv: to be + V3 — She expects to be invited.
• Perfekt gerund: having + V3 — He denied having stolen the money.
• Perfekt infinitiv: to have + V3 — He seems to have left already.

Bo‘sh joyni to‘ldirishda quyidagi tartibda o‘ylang:

1. Oldida predlog bormi (shu jumladan look forward to kabi to)? → gerund.
2. Oldida modal fe’l, make/let, would rather/had better bormi? → to siz infinitiv.
3. Birinchi fe’l qaysi ro‘yxatda? (enjoy-guruh → gerund; want-guruh → infinitiv).
4. Fe’l ikkala shaklni oladimi (remember, stop, try)? → ma’noni tekshiring.
5. Ega o‘zi harakatni bajaradimi yoki unga nisbatan bajariladimi? → majhul shakl.

Misol

The children enjoy ___ (tell) stories by their grandmother.

1. enjoy — gerund talab qiladi.
2. Bolalar hikoya aytmaydi, ularga hikoya aytib beriladi — majhul ma’no.
3. Majhul gerund: being + V3 → being told.
4. Javob: The children enjoy being told stories by their grandmother.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I avoid ___ (eat) fast food.

2. She promised ___ (call) me.

3. I’m tired of ___ (wait).

4. Don’t forget ___ (buy) bread on your way home.

5. The teacher made us ___ (rewrite) the essay.

6. I’m looking forward to ___ (hear) from you.

7. We stopped ___ (buy) some petrol on the way.

8. He is too tired ___ (go) out tonight.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• ✗ I look forward to hear from you → ✓ I look forward to hearing from you.
• ✗ I want that you come → ✓ I want you to come.
• ✗ She suggested to go → ✓ She suggested going.
• ✗ My mother made me to clean → ✓ made me clean.
• ✗ He is good in swim → ✓ He is good at swimming — predlogdan keyin gerund.
• stop/remember/try ma’no farqini e’tiborsiz qoldirish: He stopped to smoke va He stopped smoking qarama-qarshi ma’noli.