Shart gaplar

Shart gaplar (Conditionals) ikki qismdan iborat: shart (if qismi) va natija (bosh gap). Ingliz tilida shart gapning turi voqeaning reallik darajasiga va vaqtiga bog‘liq: doimiy haqiqat, kelajakdagi real ehtimol, hozirgi xayoliy holat yoki o‘tmishdagi amalga oshmagan imkoniyat. O‘zbek tilida -sa qo‘shimchasi deyarli hammasini ifodalaydi (kelsa, kelganida edi), ingliz tilida esa har biri uchun alohida zamon qolipi bor. Imtihonda shart gaplar fe’l shaklini tanlash, gapni qayta yozish va I wish qurilmalari shaklida keladi; Speaking va Writing’da esa ular faraz va taklif bildirishda yuqori baholanadi.

§1. Shart gap tuzilishi va Zero Conditional

Shart gapda qismlar tartibi erkin: If it rains, we stay at home. = We stay at home if it rains. Agar if qismi birinchi kelsa, undan keyin vergul qo‘yiladi; ikkinchi kelsa — vergul kerak emas.

Zero Conditional — umumiy haqiqat, tabiat qonuni, doimiy natija. Shart bajarilsa, natija har doim shunday bo‘ladi.

• If you heat ice, it melts.
• If I drink coffee at night, I can’t sleep.
• If you press this button, the machine stops.

Bu yerda if ni when bilan almashtirish mumkin — ma’no o‘zgarmaydi: When you heat ice, it melts.

§2. First Conditional — real kelajak

First Conditional kelajakda haqiqatan sodir bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan holat va uning natijasini bildiradi.

• If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
• If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.

if qismida will qo‘yilmaydi, garchi ma’no kelajak bo‘lsa ham: ✗ If it will rain → ✓ If it rains. Bu payt ergash gaplari qoidasi bilan bir xil (when, as soon as dan keyin ham will yo‘q).

Natija qismida will o‘rniga modal fe’l yoki buyruq ham kelishi mumkin:

• If you see Anvar, tell him to call me.
• If you’re tired, you can go home.
• If the weather is good, we might go hiking.

Misol

If she ___ (not / hurry), she ___ (miss) the bus.

1. Vaziyat real: u shoshilmasligi haqiqatan mumkin — First Conditional.
2. if qismida Present Simple; ega she, inkor → doesn’t hurry.
3. Natija qismida will + V → will miss.
4. Javob: If she doesn’t hurry, she will miss the bus.

§3. Second Conditional — hozirgi yoki kelajakdagi xayoliy holat

Second Conditional haqiqatga to‘g‘ri kelmaydigan yoki ehtimoli juda kam holatni tasavvur qiladi.

• If I had a million dollars, I would travel around the world. (aslida pulim yo‘q)
• If I lived by the sea, I would swim every day. (aslida dengiz bo‘yida yashamayman)

Shakli o‘tgan zamon, lekin ma’no hozir yoki kelajak — o‘tgan zamon bu yerda "reallikdan uzoqlik" belgisi.

to be barcha shaxslarda odatda were bo‘ladi (ayniqsa yozma va imtihonda): If I were you, I would apologise. Bu ibora — maslahat berishning standart usuli.

First yoki Second? Ehtimol real bo‘lsa — First: If I find your keys, I’ll call you. Ehtimoldan yiroq yoki xayol bo‘lsa — Second: If I found a wallet in the street, I’d take it to the police.

Misol

If I ___ (know) his number, I ___ (call) him. (Men uning raqamini bilmayman.)

1. Aslida raqamni bilmayman — hozirgi xayoliy holat, Second Conditional.
2. if qismida Past Simple: knew.
3. Natija qismida would + V: would call.
4. Javob: If I knew his number, I would call him.

§4. Third Conditional — o‘tmishdagi amalga oshmagan holat

Third Conditional o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lmagan voqeani va uning xayoliy natijasini bildiradi. U afsus, tanqid va o‘tmishni tahlil qilish uchun ishlatiladi.

• If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. (aslida o‘qimadim va yiqildim)
• If she had left earlier, she wouldn’t have been late.

Natija qismida would o‘rniga could have yoki might have ham bo‘lishi mumkin: If we had known, we could have helped.

Misol

If we ___ (leave) earlier, we ___ (not / miss) the flight.

1. Gap o‘tmish haqida: biz kech chiqdik va reysga kechikdik.
2. Amalga oshmagan o‘tmish sharti → Third Conditional.
3. if qismida Past Perfect: had left.
4. Natija qismida would have + V3, inkor: wouldn’t have missed.
5. Javob: If we had left earlier, we wouldn’t have missed the flight.

§5. Aralash shartlar va I wish

Aralash shartlar (Mixed Conditionals) vaqtlar har xil bo‘lganda ishlatiladi:

• O‘tmishdagi shart → hozirgi natija: If I had taken the job, I would be rich now.
• Hozirgi holat → o‘tmishdagi natija: If I spoke French, I would have understood him.

`I wish / If only` — hozirgi yoki o‘tmishdagi holatdan afsus:

can → could: I wish I could swim.

§6. Boshqa bog‘lovchilar va imtihon algoritmi

• provided/providing (that), as long as — "faqat shu shart bilan": You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
• in case — "ehtiyot shart": Take an umbrella in case it rains.
• suppose/supposing — "faraz qilaylik".
• Inversiya (rasmiy uslub, if siz): Had I known, I would have come. Should you need help, call me. Were I you, I would accept.

Algoritm:

1. Gap umumiy haqiqatmi? → Zero.
2. Kelajakda real ehtimolmi? → First (if qismida will yo‘q).
3. Hozirgi xayolmi? → Second (if + Past, would + V).
4. O‘tmishdagi amalga oshmagan holatmi? → Third (if + had V3, would have V3).
5. Vaqtlar aralashganmi (now va o‘tmish)? → Mixed.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. If you mix red and white, you ___ (get) pink.

2. If I ___ (see) him tomorrow, I’ll give him the book.

3. If I ___ (be) taller, I would play basketball.

4. She would have come if you ___ (invite) her.

5. I wish I ___ (can) swim.

6. If he had saved money, he ___ (have) a car now.

7. You won’t get a ticket ___ you book now. (if / unless)

8. If I were you, I ___ (accept) the offer.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• if qismida will/would: ✗ If I will see, ✗ If I would have known → ✓ If I see, If I had known.
• Third Conditional’da V2: ✗ would have went → ✓ would have gone.
• unless bilan inkorni ikkilantirish: ✗ unless you don’t study → ✓ unless you study.
• Second va Third’ni adashtirish — vaqtga qarang: hozir (Second) yoki o‘tmish (Third)?
• I wish dan keyin hozirgi zamon: ✗ I wish I know → ✓ I wish I knew.
• if qismi birinchi kelganda vergulni tushirib qoldirish.