Avval o‘rganing: Hozirgi zamon
O‘tgan voqealar haqida gapirganda ingliz tilida asosan to‘rt shakl ishlatiladi: Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect va used to/would. Ular voqealarni ketma-ketlik va fon bo‘yicha joylashtiradi: asosiy voqealar, ular fonida davom etgan jarayon, undan ham oldin bo‘lgan voqea va o‘tmishdagi odatlar. Hikoya qilish (Writing va Speaking’dagi "o‘tmishdagi voqeani tasvirlang" topshiriqlari) hamda Reading’dagi tarixiy va biografik matnlar shular ustiga quriladi. Bu darsda har bir shaklning yasalishi, ma’nosi va ular bir-biri bilan qanday birlashishi tushuntiriladi.
Past Simple — o‘tmishda tugagan harakat; u hozir bilan bog‘lanmaydi.
Yasalishi. To‘g‘ri fe’llar -ed oladi: work → worked, live → lived, study → studied (undosh + y → -ied), stop → stopped (qisqa so‘zda oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi), travel → travelled (BrE). Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning ikkinchi shakli yodlanadi: go → went, see → saw, buy → bought, take → took, write → wrote.
So‘roq: Did you go? · Inkor: I didn’t go — did dan keyin fe’l birinchi shaklda
to be: I/he/she/it was, you/we/they were
Belgi so‘zlar: yesterday, last week, two years ago, in 2019, when I was a child.
She ___ (not / buy) the dress because it was expensive.
Past Continuous o‘tmishdagi ma’lum paytda davom etayotgan harakatni bildiradi — biz o‘sha jarayonning "o‘rtasiga" tushamiz.
Yasalishi: was/were + V-ing. Inkor: wasn’t/weren’t + V-ing; so‘roq: Were you sleeping?
when + Past Simple (qisqa, to‘satdan voqea) · while + Past Continuous (uzoq jarayon)
While I was walking home, it started to rain. I was walking home when it started to rain.
Holat fe’llari (know, like, want, believe, own) Continuous’da ishlatilmaydi: ✗ I was knowing → ✓ I knew.
I ___ (drive) to work when I ___ (see) the accident.
Ikki o‘tgan voqeadan avvalrog‘ini ko‘rsatish uchun Past Perfect ishlatiladi: When we arrived, the film had already started. (avval film boshlangan, keyin biz keldik). Solishtiring: When we arrived, the film started. — biz keldik va shundan keyin film boshlandi.
Yasalishi: had + V3 (barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil).
Belgi so‘zlar: before, after, already, just, by the time, never … before.
Past Perfect faqat boshqa o‘tgan voqeaga nisbatan "avvalroq" bo‘lganda kerak.
Agar after yoki before ketma-ketlikni aniq ko‘rsatsa, Past Simple ham mumkin: After he finished, he left.
Past Perfect Continuous (had been + V-ing) — oldingi jarayonning davomiyligi va izi: She was tired because she had been working all day.
By the time the police came, the thief ___ (escape).
✗ I would live in Fergana (holat) → ✓ I used to live in Fergana
be used to + V-ing ("ko‘nikkan") va get used to + V-ing ("ko‘nikmoq") — boshqa qurilmalar: I’m used to getting up early. Bu yerda to predlog, shuning uchun gerund keladi.
Yaxshi hikoyada zamonlar aralashib, voqealarga chuqurlik beradi:
Fon — Past Continuous · asosiy voqealar — Past Simple · oldin bo‘lgan — Past Perfect
It was raining. People were hurrying home. Suddenly Anvar saw a woman he had met years before. He stopped and called her name.
Ketma-ketlik so‘zlari hikoyani bog‘laydi: first, then, after that, suddenly, eventually, in the end.
Last summer we ___ (travel) to Khiva. While we ___ (walk) around Itchan Kala, we ___ (meet) a guide who ___ (live) there all his life.
Eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan noto‘g‘ri fe’llarni guruhlab yodlash oson:
Uchala shakl bir xil: cut — cut — cut, put, let, cost, hit, set, shut
Ikkinchi va uchinchi shakl bir xil: buy — bought — bought, think — thought, teach — taught, catch — caught, bring — brought, send — sent, spend — spent, leave — left, meet — met
Uchala shakl har xil: go — went — gone, write — wrote — written, speak — spoke — spoken, take — took — taken, give — gave — given, begin — began — begun
Har kuni 10 tadan fe’lni gap ichida takrorlang: Yesterday I bought… I have never bought….