O‘zbek tilida artikl yo‘q, shuning uchun a/an/the o‘zbek o‘quvchilari eng ko‘p xato qiladigan mavzulardan biri. Artikl otdan oldin turib, tinglovchiga ikki narsani bildiradi: ot sanaladimi va birlikdami, hamda gap qaysi narsa haqida — tinglovchiga ma’lumi yoki yangimi. Artiklni to‘g‘ri tanlash uchun avval otning turini (sanaladigan yoki sanalmaydigan) bilish kerak, keyin vaziyatni tahlil qilish kerak. Bu mavzu imtihonning grammatika qismida doim uchraydi, Writing’da esa artikl xatolari "grammatik aniqlik" mezonini pasaytiradi.
§1. Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar
Sanaladigan (countable) otlarni bitta-bitta sanash mumkin: a book — two books, an apple — five apples. Birlikda yolg‘iz turolmaydi: ✗ I have book → ✓ I have a book.
Sanalmaydigan (uncountable) otlar — moddalar, mavhum tushunchalar, umumlashgan narsalar: water, money, information, advice, news, furniture, luggage, homework, bread, weather, knowledge, progress. Ularning ko‘plik shakli yo‘q, a/an olmaydi, fe’l birlikda: The news is good.Your advice was useful.
O‘zbek tilida sanaladigan ba’zi so‘zlar ingliz tilida sanalmaydi: maslahat — advice, ma’lumot — information, mebel — furniture, uy vazifasi — homework. Ularni "bo‘laklab" sanaymiz: a piece of advice, a piece of information, a glass of water, a loaf of bread, a bottle of milk.
many / a few / few + sanaladigan ko‘plik · much / a little / little + sanalmaydigan
a lot of, some, any, no — ikkalasi bilan ham
Ko‘plik yasalishi. Odatda -s; -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x dan keyin -es (boxes, watches); undosh + y → -ies (city → cities), unli + y → -s (day → days); -f/-fe → -ves (knife → knives, wife → wives). Noto‘g‘ri shakllar: man → men, woman → women, child → children, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice, person → people. O‘zgarmaydi: sheep, fish, deer.
§2. Noaniq artikl a/an
a/an qadimgi one (bir) so‘zidan kelib chiqqan, shuning uchun faqat birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan ishlatiladi:
Birinchi marta tilga olinganda, yangi ma’lumot: I saw a cat in the garden.
Kasb va mansub bo‘lish: She is a doctor.He is a student.
"Bitta, qandaydir, har qanday": Can I have an apple?A dog needs exercise.
Undov: What a nice day!Such a good idea!
Miqdor va tezlikda "har": twice a week, 60 km an hour.
an — unli tovushdan oldin (harfdan emas!): an hour, an umbrella, an MP3
a — undosh tovushdan oldin: a university /juː/, a European, a one-way ticket
Misol
My father is ___ engineer, and my mother is ___ university teacher.
Ikkala holatda ham kasb haqida gap — kasb oldida a/an kerak.
engineer unli tovush /e/ bilan boshlanadi → an.
university harfi unli bo‘lsa ham, /juː/ tovushi bilan boshlanadi → a.
Javob: an engineer, a university teacher.
§3. Aniq artikl the
the qadimgi that (o‘sha) so‘zidan kelgan: tinglovchi qaysi biri ekanini biladi.
Avval aytilgan: I saw a cat. The cat was black.
Dunyoda yagona: the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the Internet.
Aniqlovchi bilan aniqlangan: the book on the table, the man who called you.
Vaziyatdan ma’lum: Close the door, please. (shu xonadagi eshik)
Orttirma daraja va tartib son: the best, the tallest, the first, the last, the only.
Daryolar, dengizlar, okeanlar, tog‘ tizmalari, cho‘llar: the Amu Darya, the Pacific, the Alps, the Sahara.
Ko‘plikdagi davlat nomlari va Republic/Kingdom/States so‘zlari bilan: the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic.
Cholg‘u asboblari: play the piano; ba’zi mehmonxona, teatr, gazeta nomlari: the Hilton, the Times.
Millat yoki guruh: the rich, the British.
the = "o‘sha, hammamizga ma’lum bo‘lgan"
§4. Artiklsiz (zero article)
Umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik va sanalmaydigan otlar: Cats like milk.Money isn’t everything.Books are expensive.
Ko‘pchilik mamlakat, shahar, ko‘cha, ko‘l, alohida tog‘ va qit’a nomlari: Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Navoi Street, Lake Baikal, Everest, Asia.
Ovqatlar, sport turlari, fanlar, tillar: have breakfast, play football, study maths, speak English.
Turg‘un iboralar: go to school/bed/work/university, by bus/car/train, at home, at night, in hospital (BrE).
Diqqat: binoga asl maqsadda emas, boshqa maqsadda borilsa — the: My mother went to the school to see the teacher. (o‘qish uchun emas). Umumiy va aniq ma’no farqi: Water is essential for life (umuman suv) — The water in this bottle is cold (aniq suv).
Misol
___ Nile is ___ longest river in ___ Africa.
Nile — daryo nomi; daryolar the oladi → The Nile.
longest — orttirma daraja → the longest.
Africa — qit’a nomi → artiklsiz.
Javob: The Nile is the longest river in Africa.
§5. Egalik shakli (’s va of)
Odamlar va hayvonlar uchun ’s:
Birlik: my brother’s car, the cat’s bowl.
Ko‘plik -s bilan tugasa — faqat apostrof: the students’ books, my parents’ house.
Noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik: the children’s room, women’s rights.
Narsalar uchun ko‘pincha of: the door of the house, the end of the film. Vaqt va masofa bilan ’s: today’s news, a week’s holiday.
’s dan oldingi ot o‘z artiklini yo‘qotadi: the car of my brother → my brother’s car (✗ the my brother’s car).
§6. Artiklni tanlash algoritmi
Ot sanaladimi? Yo‘q bo‘lsa — a/an mumkin emas.
Birlikdami? Ha bo‘lsa — yolg‘iz turolmaydi: a/an, the yoki my/this/that kerak.
Tinglovchi qaysi biri ekanini biladimi (avval aytilgan, yagona, aniqlovchi bor, orttirma daraja)? Ha → the.
Umumiy ma’no (ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan)? → artiklsiz.
Atoqli ot bo‘lsa — guruhini eslang: daryo, okean, tog‘ tizmasi → the; mamlakat, shahar, ko‘l → artiklsiz.
Misol
I bought ___ new phone. ___ phone has ___ excellent camera.
Telefon birinchi marta tilga olindi, birlikdagi sanaladigan ot → a new phone.
Ikkinchi gapda o‘sha telefon — endi tinglovchiga ma’lum → The phone.
Kamera birinchi marta tilga olinmoqda; excellent unli tovush bilan boshlanadi → an.